Sanitation, Cleaning, and Disinfecting Poultry Facilities

Diseases and infections have always been a major concern to the poultry industry. Fortunately, microbial contamination can be prevented and controlled using proper management practices and modern health products.

Microorganisms are everywhere! Some are relatively harmless, while others can cause disease. Some pose a lethal threat to one species of animal while remaining harmless to another species. Some organisms are easily destroyed, while others are very difficult to eliminate. The moral is, “Treat all microorganisms as if they are a severe threat to the chick’s livelihood.”

Three terms are commonly used to describe microbial control:

* Sterilization - Destroying all infective and reproductive forms of all microorganisms (bacteria, fungi,
virus, and the like).
* Disinfection - Destroying all vegetative forms of microorganisms. Spores are not destroyed.
* Sanitation - Pathogenic organisms are present but are not a threat to the birds’ health.

The most important step in egg sanitation is the production of nest-clean eggs. This requires a carefully planned management system. The following practices have proved useful in producing clean hatching eggs and in keeping the eggs clean until they are set in incubators.

• Maintain birds on wire, plastic, or wooden slatted floors whenever possible. However, some commercial
strains of chickens and turkeys do not produce well in this environment and must have litter floors in
part or all of the house.

• To keep floor eggs to a minimum, provide one nest for every four hens. Be sure nests are in place
before egg production starts.

• Keep nests filled with clean nesting material such as wood shavings, rice hulls or nest pads.

• Collect eggs frequently (at least four times a day).

• Exclude hens from nests at night. This reduces development of broody hens and keeps nests cleaner.

• Maintain dry litter at all times.

• Collect eggs on clean, sanitized, plastic flats or in clean egg baskets.

• Separate cracked, stained, and heavy dirty eggs as you collect them, and don’t set them.

• Sanitize clean eggs as soon as possible after collection. This kills microbes on the outside of the shell.
It does not kill all of the microbes that have penetrated the shell.

• Always wash hands thoroughly with a disinfectant soap before handling eggs.

• Cool eggs overnight in flats before placing them in cases. If eggs are to be stored, place them in a
clean room held at 55ºF to 68ºF and 75 percent relative humidity (see Table 1).

• Never allow eggs to sweat (form surface moisture from condensation); they may sweat when moved
from cold storage into a warmer room. You can prevent this by putting eggs in trays in a temperature-
controlled room (see Table 2).

Broiler Management: The First 24 Hours

More than 30 billion broiler chicks are produced worldwide on an annual basis. Fifteen billion of these are produced in the Americas. Due to the poultry industry’s tendency towards more intensive production practices and increased automation, the tender loving care once afforded to chickens in grow-out has been replaced with a mass production mentality. As a result, newly hatched chicks are often subjected to numerous stressors in the first 24 hours after hatching. These adverse effects during the critical early hours following hatch can result in an increased percentage of early mortality. These early stressors also influence final performance, resulting in declines in final body weights, increases in feed conversions and cost per pound of meat produced. Farm personal must understand that they have become the “adoptive parents” of these chicks. Without attention to details, successful and profitable grow-out is not realized.

Small Poultry Flock Nutrition

WATER

Water is probably the most important nutrient for poultry because a lack of adequate supply will adversely affect the bird’s performance more quickly than a shortage of any other nutrient. This is why it is so important to keep an adequate supply of clean, fresh, cool water before the birds at all times. An automatic waterer, placed in the coolest area of the house or pen is probably best for most small-flock operations. If manually filled waterers are used, consideration should be given to the number and filling frequency required to ensure an adequate supply.

Water plays a very important role in digestion and metabolism of poultry. It comprises from 55 to 75% of the bird’s body and about 65% of the egg. There is a strong correlation between feed and water intake. Research has shown that water intake is approximately two times the intake of feed on a weight basis. Water softens feed in the crop to prepare it for grinding in the gizzard. Many chemical reactions necessary in the processes of digestion and nutrient absorption are aided by or require water. As a major component in blood (90%) it serves as a carrier, moving digested material from the digestive tract to all parts of the body, and taking waste products to the points of elimination. As with humans and other animals, water cools the bird’s body through evaporation. Since birds do not have sweat glands, a major portion of their evaporative heat loss occurs in the air sacs and lungs due to rapid respiration.

If medications or other additives are given through the water, care should be taken to accurately measure both compound and water quantities and mix them well before administering. Also, carefully follow label directions as to the length of time the medication should be given. At the end of that period, waterers should be emptied and rinsed.

Allocating Feed to Female Broiler Breeders

Author: Brenda Schneider, Martin Zuidhof, Frank Robinson & Rob Renema – Government of Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development website

Publication date: 07/25/2008

Managing broiler breeders is a new challenge with every flock as breeder companies produce new and improved “models” that have better growth efficiency and productivity than the year before. At the same time producers have been getting better at raising highly uniform flocks.

All this progress means that the way we have allocated feed in the past might not be the most effective way to feed new and improved strains. Getting the right amount of feed to your broiler breeder pullets at the right time (during rearing, sexual maturation and lay) is the most important – and the trickiest – part of raising broiler breeders.

Flock uniformity is a key ingredient in the recipe for highly productive flocks. The reason is simple: birds in uniform flocks tend to respond to changing feed allocations in the same way, without a lot of variation between birds. Birds from a flock with poor uniformity will tend to have a wide range of responses to changes in feed allocation. More feed may benefit some of the birds while shortchanging or over-feeding others. The consequences of poor uniformity can be disastrous to a farm’s bottom line.

Modern broiler breeder strains come into lay faster following photostimulation than ever before. Proper timing of photostimulation and feed management during the sexual maturation period is critical to the long term productivity of a flock.

Building a Strong Foundation

There are a few points you should keep in mind during the initial part of the flock’s life that will result in higher productivity later on:

* Use feeding strategies to control body weight – this may involve skip a day feeding or other programs
such as 4/3 or 5/2 where you allocate feed four or five days, and skip three or two days per week,
respectively.

* Flocks must stay within the breeder company’s recommended target body weight range – avoid
over and under weight birds! Remember, productive flocks need to be in the recommended target
body weight range and at the optimal frame size to be the most productive.

* The best source of information on body weight targets is your primary breeder guide. We can show
you how to allocate feed to meet those targets.

Kumpulan e-book Journal of Poultry Science telah siap di downoad

Alhamdulillah, akhirnya tadi siang saya telah berhasil mengupload aplikasi e-book yang berisi kumpulan Journal of Poultry Science. Sehingga mulai hari ini e-book Journal of Poultry Science telah dapat didownload, gratis.

Sebagai informasi, E-book ini berisi lebih dari 300 kumpulan Journal of Poultry Science, didalam e-book ini juga terdapat search engine internal, sehingga kita dapat dengan mudah melakukan pencarian terhadap jurnal yang kita inginkan, untuk dapat mengakses jurnal ini tidak diperlukan lagi koneksi internet, dapat disimpan dalam flashdisk atau CD, tanpa instal. Berikut ini adalah screen shot e-book Journal of Poultry Science tersebut :

E-book Journal of Poultry Science

Journal of Poultry Science

Artikel yang tersedia dalam Journal of Poultry Science

Untuk dapat mendownload e-book ini, silahkan klik : E-book Journal of Poultry Science

Keterangan lain mengenenai e-book ini : hanya dapat dibuka sebanyak lima kali bagi yang bukan anggota komunitas chickaholic, dan dapat dibuka tanpa batas (unlimited access) bagi anggota chickaholic yang telah terdaftar menjadi komunitas forum unggas. Password akan diberikan kepada Anda yang telah terdaftar dalam komunitas forum unggas yang aktif dalam berdiskusi kepada pihak lain. Untuk itu, kami masih membuka kesempatan untuk masyarakat luas untuk mendaftar kedalam komunitas forum unggas secara gratis, jangan sia-siakan kesempatan yang berharga ini, segeralah mendaftar dan berdiskusi kepada kami dan anggota komunitas yang lain.

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HPAI H5N1 in Europe 2007: Poultry and Wild Birds

Masih bingung dengan informasi flu burung? Disini ada sedikit informasi perkembangan virus flu burung ini. E-book yang menarik dengan format file berupa PDF dan dapat didownload secara gratis dengan cara klik disini . E-book ini memiliki judul :

HPAI H5N1 in Europe 2007: Poultry and Wild Birds

Selamat membaca……

Salam,

Galuh Adi Insani

Predicting Yolk Height, Yolk Width, Albumen Length, Eggshell Weight, Egg Shape Index, Eggshell Thickness, Egg Surface Area of Japanese Quails Using Various Eggs Traits as Regressors

Merupakan e-book yang menarik dengan format file berupa PDF dan dapat didownload secara gratis dengan cara klik disini . E-book ini memiliki judul :

Predicting Yolk Height, Yolk Width, Albumen Length, Eggshell Weight, Egg Shape Index, Eggshell Thickness, Egg Surface Area of Japanese Quails Using Various Eggs Traits as Regressors

Selamat Belajar……

Salam,

Galuh Adi Insani

Welfare at Slaughter of Broiler Chickens: A Review

Ini merupakan e-book Poultry Science terbaru ( release bulan Juni 2008 ) yang didalamnya membahas tentang Animal Welfare dalam penyembelihan ayam dengan menggunakan beberapa metode.

Berikut ini cuplikan abstrak dari e-book yang berjudul

Welfare at Slaughter of Broiler Chickens: A Review:

Abstract: Currently, poultry plants are sacrificing between 140 to 180 broilers per minute; sometimes animals are not sacrificed properly, which makes manual sacrifice necessary. In the present study a review is provided on the most relevant aspects regarding different methods used for chicken sacrifice, these methods are analyzed and a comparison with Mexican regulations is given regarding the humanitarian sacrifice of domestic birds for human consumption. We conclude that the main objective of broiler sacrifice should be the well-being of the animal, it must also be economic, practical and safe for workers. In Mexico,

research must be developed to justify adequate use of sacrificial methods and its effect on the quality of poultry meat such as ostrich, turkey and quail.

Key words: Poultry, electrical stunning, carbon dioxide, decapitation, sacrifice, animal welfare

File dapat Anda download gratis dan tersedia dalam e-library atau dapat didownload dengan cara klik disini. Saya harap setelah membaca dan memahami isi dari Journal of Poultry Science ini, kita dapat berdiskusi berama dengan memberikan komentar dalam halaman ini, atau dapat melakukan pembahasan dalam forum unggas .

Terimakasih, selamat belajar dan berdiskusi….

Galuh Adi Insani

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

Eijkman (1897), seorang dokter bangsa Belanda dan perwira kesehatan yang bekerja di laboratorium rumah sakit di Jakarta dan yang kemudian menerima hadiah Nobel dalam ilmu kedokteran telah mengadakan suatu pengamatan penting mengenai beri beri. Pada suatu hari, ketika sedang berjalan-jalan di halaman rumah penjara. Eijkman memperhatikan bahwa ayam-ayam yang berkeliaran di sekitar rumah penjara tersebut kelihatannya menderita suatu kelumpuhan, sama seperti halnya pada pasien yang ia kunjungi. Kemungkinan ayam tersebut menderita beri-beri seperti yang diderita pasien-pasien yang ada di dalam penjara. Ayam-ayam tersebut memperoleh sisa makanan dari orang-orang yang dipenjara. Orang yang dipenjara menderita beri-beri, jadi demikian pula halnya dengan ayam-ayam yang berkeliaran tersebut, begitu kesimpulannya. Ia tidak dapat menjumpai gejala beri-beri pada ayam di luar halaman penjara. Hal ini mendorong Eijkman untuk membuktikan bahwa penyebab penyakit adalah makanan yang dimanakan orang-orang yang dipenjara.

Eijkman kemudian mulai dengan suatu penelitian di dalam laboratoriumnya dengan memberikan makan yang berbeda kepada ayam-ayam dan kemudian membuat catatan-catatan yang teliti mengenai pertumbuhan dan kondisi ayam-ayam tersebut. Dua pengamatan penting yang ia peroleh ialah: (1) ayam-ayam yang seluruh makanannya terdiri dari beras asah memperlihatkan tanda-tanda yang sangat menyerupai tanda-tanda penyakit beri-beri pada manusia. Penyakit yang timbul pada ayam tersebut dinamakan polineuritis gallinarum. Penyakit timbul setelah ayam-ayam setelah memperoleh beras asah selama 3-7 minggu; (2) bila disamping beras asah ayam-ayam tersebut diberi juga selaput-selaput beras, maka ayam-ayam menjadi sembuh. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian Eijkman memberi kesimpulan bahwa beri-beri harus disebabkan oleh zat beracun dalam beras yang dapat dihancurkan oleh selaput-selaput beras. Sebaliknya, Casimir Funk, yang mula-mula menyebut nama vitamin, menduga bahwa selaput putih beras mengandung suatu zat yaitu vitamin yang esensial terhadap kesehatan ayam. Beberapa waktu kemudian Williams, seorang ahli kimia berkebangsaan Amerika yang bekerja di Philipina, mengisolir vitamin B₁ (thiamin).

[e-book] Rencana Strategis Nasional Terhadap AI

Ini merupakan e-book yang membahas tentang Rencana Strategis yang dilakukan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia dalam upaya mengatasi kasus flu burung. File dalam bentuk PDF dengan kapasitas 370 KB, bahasa yang digunakan adalah Bahasa Indonesia, dengan judul lengkap :

RENCANA STRATEGIS NASIONAL

PENGENDALIAN FLU BURUNG (AVIAN INFLUENZA) DAN KESIAPSIAGAAN MENGHADAPI

PANDEMI INFLUENZA

2006-2008

File dapat didownload dengan meng-klik disini

[e-book] Avian Influenza

Bingung dengan kondisi isu kasus flu burung / Avian Influenza (AI) di Indonesia? Pengen tahu fakta sesungguhnya mengenai flu burung ini ditinjau dari kesehatan manusia dan hewan? Jika iya, maka Anda dapat membaca e-book dari WHO dan FAO dengan cara mengklik disini untuk WHO, dengan file berbentuk pdf (202 KB), tebal halaman 5 saja, tetapi cukup lengkap, dan judulnya adalah :

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks in poultry and in humans: Food safety implications

Sedangkan buku dari FAO dapat Anda download dengan mengklik disini , file berbentuk pdf (71 KB) dengan tebal 11 halaman, dan berjudul :

PROTECT POULTRY – PROTECT PEOPLE

Basic advice for

stopping the spread of avian flu

[e-book] Poultry Business

Anda ingin segera menjalankan bisnis peternakan ayam? Jika iya tidak ada salahnya Anda membaca buku ini yang berjudul :

Growing Your Range Poultry Business:

An Entrepreneur’s Toolbox

Buku ini dapat Anda download gratis dengan mengklik disini

Besar file 473 kb, format file pdf, dengan jumlah halaman : 63 halaman

Untuk membaca sedikit keterangan tentang buku ini, dapat Anda klik dibawah ini

[e-book] Success Story

Ini adalah buku yang menceritakan tentang keberhasilan pertanian di Amerika Latin dan di Karibia, dengan judul :

Success Story, in the use of ICTs for agricultural research and innovation in Latin America and the Caribbean. 2007

Untuk mendapatkan e-book ini dengan gratis dapat Anda klik disini

Besar file pdf (1,7 MB), dengan tebal halaman 58 halaman, bahasa yang digunakan adalah Bahasa Inggris.

Semoga apa yang kita berikan sampai detik ini dapat berguna bagi pengunjung website http://chickaholic.wordpress.com.

Salam, adioranye

[Ebook] Penetasan

Berikut ini adalah ebook dari saya yang telah jadi dan membahas tentang penetasan unggas, teknik dan cara membuat mesin tetas serta permasalahan dan pembahasan mengenai penetasan telur unggas. Disini ada tulisan yang akan memberitahukan tentang berapa lama mengeram unggas lain selain ayam (misal itik, burung puyuh, burung onta, dll).

E-book dalam bentuk file PDF (188 kb), dan dapat Anda download dengan meng-klik

http://www.divshare.com/download/2795052-f94